Polymerizable compositions containing unsaturated alkyd resins and allyl esters, copolymers of such compositions, and process of producing the same



Patented June 22, 1948 POLYMIRIZABLE COLIPOSITIONS CONTAIN ING UNSATURATED ALKYD RESINS AND ALLYL ESTERS, COPOLYMERS OF SUCH COMPOSITIONS, AND PROCESS OF PRO- DUGING THE SAME Edward L. Kropa, Old Greenwich, Conn., assignor to American Cyanamld Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Maine No Drawing. Application September 21, 1944,

Serial No. 555,194

This invention relates to polymerizable compositions, to the polymerization of such compositions to form insoluble resins and to the production of coating compositions, molding compositions, molded articles, laminated articles, etc., from the polymerlzable compositions. Polymerizable compositions of this invention include a reactive alkyd resin and an organic substance, generally a solvent, and upon reaction of these substances a substantially "insoluble resin is iormed.

13 Claimi- (Cl. 26045.4)

One of the objects of this invention is to pre- I pare improved resins and especially to obtain clear and colorless gels.

It is also an object of this invention to provide potentially polymerizable solutions which would be stable during storage.

Still another object of this inventionis to control the rate of polymerization of the reactive mixture, as well as to improve the properties and characteristics of resulting gels.

Another object of this invention is to prepare compounds particularly suitable for use as coating compositions and as components in coating compositions.

A further object of the present invention is to prepare molding compositions and especially to prepare clear and colorless molded materials. Another object of this invention is to prepare laminated moldings having high strength and other desirable properties. a

A still further object of this invention is to provide molding compositions suitable for injection molding. Other objects will be apparent from the description.

Substantially insoluble, substantially iniusible resins may be prepared by means of the chemical reaction or polymerization of a mixture containing a resin possessing a plurality of polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups (i.e.

tion.

and. an organic substance which contains the polyparticularly desirable.

2 plurality of polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups which are designated herein as reactive resins or as "unsaturated alkyd resins". Many of the reactive materials containing the CH2=C group are solvents and therefore the reactive resins may be dissolved therein to form liquid compositions which may be used as such without the addition of any other solvent unless It is to be understood, however, that I am not restricted to liquid substances which actually act as solvents, since in some cases the organic liquid substances may in fact act as a solute rather than as a solvent, it being dissolved by the resin, or a, colloidal solution may be produced instead of a true solu- Furthermore, the reactive material may be a resin containing a plurality of CH2=C groups or CH2=CH-CH2 groups. Such a substance could be cured by a reactive resin or by a reactive substance which contains polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups. Such substances may be derived from alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids, for example, by esterification of such acids.

Among the reactive resins used in the practice of this invention for interaction with the reactive material containing the CH2=C groups are those which are derived from alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids and, therefore, contain the reactive groupings present in these acids. The term acids as used herein is intended to include the anhydrides as well as the acids themselves since the former may be used instead of the acid. The term alpha, beta unsaturated organic acid as used in the art does not include acids wherein the unsaturated group is part of an aromatic-acting radical, as for example, phthalic acid, and the same definition is adopted herein.

The resins are preferably produced by the esteriflcation of an alpha, beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid with a polyhydric alcohol and particularly a glycol. Although esteriflcation of the acid with a polyhydric alcohol is perhaps one of the simplest, most convenient ways of obtaining a reactive resin, I am not precluded from using resins otherwise derived from alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids. Reactive resins suitable for my invention are any of those containing a plurality of polymerizably reactive alpha, beta enal groups.

Panraea'rron or me POLYMERIZABLE Mixruaa A reactive resin such as those prepared by the esteriflcation of alpha, beta unsaturated or anic acids and a glycol or other polyhydric alcohol as illustrated above is mixed with the reactive material containing the group .CH:=C Upon adding a polymerization catalyst and subjecting the mixture to polymerization conditions such as, for example, heat, light, or a combination of both. a substantially insoluble, substantially infusible resin is obtained.

All of the reactive substances suitable for use according to my invention for reaction with a reactive resin are characterized by the presence of the reactive group CH2=C and none of them contains conjugated carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Compounds containing a conjugated system of carbon-'tocarbon double bonds are known to react with themselves or .with other unsaturated compoundssuch as the maleic esters, by a 1,2-1,4 addition mechanism such as that which has become generally known as the'Diels-Alder reaction. On the other hand, compounds such as those used according to the presentinvention and which contain no conjugated carbon-to-carbon double bonds obviously can not undergo this type of reaction with the maleic esters. Accordingly, my invention is not directed to the use of unsaturated compounds containing conjugated systems of carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Many substances which contain a carbon-to-carbon double bond conjugated with respect to oxygen are suitable for use according to my invention since they do not react with unsaturated alkyd resins in an undesirable manner, but, instead, copolymerize or interpolymerize to form substantially infusible, substantially insoluble resins. The reactive allyl compounds which may be used are any of those compounds which contain CH2=CHCH2 group and which do not have a boiling point below about 60 C. Of the allyl compounds which may be used the allyl esters form a large class all of which are suitable. The

tion, Serial No. 487,034, filed May 14, 1943, sub-.'

stantially insoluble and substantially infusible resins may be prepared by reacting or polymerizing any of the following with a polymerizably reactive.resin of the type described herein, 1. 'e., unsaturated alkyd resins containing a plurality of alpha, beta enal groups: allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, allyl acetate, allyl lactate, the allyl ester of alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid, allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, diallyl carbonate, diallyl malonate, diallyl oxalate, diallyl succinate, diallyl gluconate, diallyl methylgluconate, diallyl adipate, the diallyl ester of azelaic acid, diallyl sebacate, diallyl tartronate, diallyl tartrate, diallyl silicone, diallyl silicate, diallyl fumarate, diallyl maleate, diallyl mesaconate, diallyl citraconate, diallyl glutaconate, the diallyl ester of muconic acid, diallyl-itaconate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl chlorophthalate, the diallyl ester of endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, triallyl tricarballylate, triallyl aconitate, triallyl citrate, triallyl phosphate, trimethally'l phosphate, triallyl silicone, triallyl cyanurate, tetraallyl silicate and other tetraallyl esters.

Tetraallyl silicate (or more preferably termed tetraallyl silican'e) (CH 2=CHCI-Iz)4Sl) is of use in obtaining compositions having good adhesion to glass. It maybe prepared by reacting magnesium, allyl chloride and silicon tetrachloride in the presence of anhydrous ethyl ether .in accordance with the Barbier modification of the Grigiiard reactioni The: comppupd is obtainable in a 94% yield based upon the silicon tetrachloride; B. P. 102-103 at 15 mm. of mercury absolute pressure; 11 1.4864; d='4 0.8353. It polymerizes at elevated temperatures, e. g., above C. in from a few hours to a day or more to form hard. clear products. The poly- -merization may be catalyzed with benzoyl peroxide. The compound may be copolymerlzed under similar conditions with unsaturated compounds such as vinyl esters and halides, styrene,

substituted styrene, esters of alpha, beta unsaturated monoand dicarboxylic acids such as diethyl fumarateethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, etc., as well as with the unsaturated alkyd resins disclosed herein.

Diallyl dichloro silicane (CH2=CHCH2):S!C12 and allyl trichloro silicane (CHZ,CH.-CIIJ) 8101: may be prepared, polymerized or copolymerized similarly. I

Many of the polyallyl esters which I may copolymerize with unsaturated alkyd resins have the following general formula:

where A is CH2=CH--CH2, R is a substituted or unsubstituted polyvalent organic radical, y is 0 or 1, Z is greater than 1 and not greater than the" valence of R. When f11=0 the formula becomes Generally speaking R may be any organic radical but a few of the types of radicals-which R. represent are given below and in the formula the symbols are all as originally defined.

prepared by reacting allyl chloroxalate with glycerol,

Other compounds of this type may be made by substituting the other glycols and polyhydric alcohols used or mentioned in Section II, below.

11. Examples of these are:

Diallyl trimethylene glycol dicarbonate A-0C OO-CHz-C(CH:):CHOC 0-0A Diallyl neopentyl glycol dicarbonate A0co-o-on, A0-oo-0-cn,

on-cn A0C0-0-CH A0-C0-0-CH: A 0-C0-OCH: Diallyl glycerol dicarbonate Triallyl glycerol trlcarbonate l-o-oo-o-on,

A-O-C 0-0-011.

A-O-C 0-0-0111 A0COO-CH1 Tetraallyl pentaerythritol tetracarbonato The foregoing may be prepared by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with the proper polyhydric alcohol. Other polyhydric alcohols which may be used include any of the glycols such as triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, hexaethylene glycol. octadecandiol, alpha-propylene glycol, 1,2 or 1,3 or 1,4 butylene glycols, dior other poly-pentaerythritols, polyallyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol, starch, cellulose, monoglycerides of drying or non-drying oil acids, etc.

([7) Where R is a substituted organic radical A-O-C 0CH0--CO0AI a-o-co-on-o-o 0OA Tetrallyl alpha, beta dicarbo tartrate which may be prepared by reacting diallyl tartrate with allyl chlorcarbonate.

Diethyl alpha, beta diallyldicarbo tartrate which may be prepared 'by reacting diethyl tartrate with allyl chlorcarbonate. Other homologs may be prepared by reacting other alkyl or mixed esters of tartaric acid with allyl chlorcarbonate, e. g., dimethyl tartrate, allyl methyl tartrate, di-isopropyl tartrate, allyl n-propyl tartrate, dicyclohexyl tartrate, di-n-octyl tartrate.

' allyl decyl tartrate, allyl octadecyl tartrate, allyl Where a: is a small whole number.

COOA (A-o-co-cno-cno-co-o)(cn,on,)

Diallyl ester of ethylene glycol di (alpha, beta diallyl dicarbo tartrate) which may be prepared by re-esterifying diallyl alpha, beta diallyl dicarbo tartrate with ethylene glycol. Other similar compounds may be prepared by re-esterifying the diallyl (e. g., ethyl, butyl, decyl, etc), alpha, beta diallyldicarbo tartrates with any polyhydric alcohol.

III. R=OR' Compounds of this type may be prepared by the action of allyl chlorcarbonate on the allyl esters of hydroxy acids. Some examples are:

The diallyl ester of hydroxy seem-carbonate which may be made by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with the allyl-ester of hydroxy acetic acid;

A--0C00-CHC 0-0-A The diallyl ester of lecto-carbonate which may be formed by reacting allyl lactate with allyl chlorocarbonate.

IV. R=-R'CO OR' In other words R contains 'one or more ester groups. These compounds may be made by the simultaneous esteriflcation of a polyhydric alcohol, a polycarboxylic acid and 9.11311 alcohol or more expediently prepared by the re-esterification of a polyallyl ester with a polyhydric alcohol. Some examples are:

.A-O-C0-CHz-CH2-C0-O-CH1-UHrO-CO-CHz-UHrCO-OA Diallyl ester o ethylene glycol disuccinate prepared by re-esteriflcation .of diallyl succinate with ethylene glycol and having a boiling point of about -196 C. at 1 mm. of mercury absolute pressure.

The last three compounds may be prepared by substituting the polyallyl ester of the acid involved and re-esterifying with the polyhydric alcohol involved. Other homologs may be prepared by the reaction of various polyallyl esters of polycarboxylic acids with any of the polyhydric alcohols.

(1111; (13B: A-OCO-CHOCOOCHCOA Diallyl bis-lactocarbonate obtained by reaction of 2 mols of allyl lactate and 1 mol of phosgene.

Homologs of the allyl esters of this group may be prepared as indicated above and also by substituting other allyl esters of dicarboxylic acid for the succinic, adipic, sebacic, and tartaric esters, e. g., esters of phthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, endo-methylene tetrahydrophthallc acid, any one of the trior tetra-chlorphthalic acids, malonic acid, malic acid, malelc acid, inmaric acid, itaconic acid, etc. I

In these compounds 13. contains an ester group and an amide group. Many of these compounds are prepared by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with-a monoalkylolamine. Examples of allyl esters of this type are:

Dlallyl ethanolarnine dicarbonate prepared by reacting allyl chlorcarbonate with monoethanolaminc.

A---COOCHa-CH(CHi)r-CHg-NHCOOA Diallyl neopentanolamine dicarbonate prepared by reacting allyl chlorcarbonate and neopentanolamine.

A,OCOOCHr-CHHCH;-NHCO-OA Diallyl propanolamine dicarbonate I prepared by reacting allyl chlorcarbonate with n-propanolamine.

a-o-o O-NH-CHz-C m-nn-cm-om-o-c o -o-A Diallyl N-ethanol ethylene diamine dicarbonate prepared by reacting two mols respectively of allyl chlorcarbonate with N-ethanol ethylene diamlne.

onr-cm-o-c 00A A-O-Cb-NH-CH -CH -N CHr-CHr-O-C 0-0--A Triallyl N -diethanoi ethylene diamine tricarbonate prepared by reacting three mols respectively of allyl chlorocarbonate with N-ethanol ethylene diamine;

A-O-C O0CH:CBaN0-C 0-A Diailyl N-phenyl ethanolamine dicarbonate prepared by reacting phenyl ethanolamine with allyi chlorocarbonate. I

prepared by reacting three mols oi aliyl chlorocarbonate with diethanolamine. The diallyi diethanolamine dicarbonates may be prepared similarly by the use of two mols of all?! chlorocarbona'te.

Homologs of the esters illustrated in this section may be prepared by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with any of-the alkylolamines including the butanolamines. triethanolami'ne, methyl ethanolamine, etc.

Many of these compounds may be prepared by reacting an ally] ester of anamino: acid with phosgene. Some examples of these are:

AO--COCHr-NHCONH-CH:CO0A

Diailyl diglycim carbonate which may be prepared by reacting the allyl ,ester of glycine with phosgene.

A-OC0-GH(0B;)-NH-CONH-CH(CHfl-GO-O-A Diallyl di-alpha-aminoproprionc carbonate which may be prepared by reacting the allyi ester of alpha alanine with phosgene.

prepared by reacting allyl epsilon amino caproate with phosgene.

' Homologs of these may be prepared by substituting allyl esters of other amino acids, e. g., omega-amino-decanoic acid, beta alanine, gamma amino pimelic acid, etc. 7

which may be prepared by reacting propylene diamine with allyl chlorocarbonate.

Diallyl ester of the dicarbonate of p-phenyiene diamine prepared by reacting p-phenylene diamine with allyi chlorocarbonate. Isomers may be prepared by substituting 0- or m-phenylene diamine for the p-phenylene diamine.

Triallyl ester oi the tricerbonate oi diethylene triamine prepared by reacting allyl chlorocarbonate with diethylene triamine.-

Homologs of the foregoing may be prepared by reacting any polyamine with allyl chlorocarbonate, e. 3., trlethyiene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, mixtures of the polyethylene polyamines, hexamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, etc.

- Formaldehyde condensation product of tbe'ailyl ester oi the carbonate of B amino-propionamlde the latter prepared by the reaction of allyl chlorocarbonate and 5 amino-propionarnide.

cmo NHr-CO(CH:)r-NHCO0-A Formaldehyde condensation product of the allyl ester of the carbonate oi epsilon amino caproic amide the latter prepared by reaction of allyl chlorocarbonate and epsilon amino caproic amide.

Cmo NHr-CO-C o-'0-A Formaldehyde condensation product of the ally] ester of oxamide the latter prepared by reacting oxamide with allyl alcohol.

euro NLh-CCr-(l(CHa)2N,ll-COO-A Formaldehyde condensation product of the allyl ester oi alpha carboxy-amino isobutyramide 1 the latter prepared :by the reaction of allyl chlorocarbonate and alpha amino isobutyramide which is in turn prepared by reacting acetone cyanhydrin with ammonia.

X. R R" where R" is organic and contains at least one carbonate linkage and at least two ester and/or aimlde groups.

Allyl chloroca'rbonate' may be reacted with polyhydric alcohol such as ethylene glycol, an alkylola'mine such as'mono-ethanolamine, or a polyamine' such as ethylene diamine in equimolecular proportions to obtain the mono-allyl carbonate (reaction being primarily with the amino group of a monoalkylolamine) and then and diallyl ammelide having the formula:

as well as phosphates thereof.

Tetraallyl compounds not easily prepared by direct'esterification. One way for preparing such compounds is by the use of the acid chlorides.

Still other allyl compounds which may be used forreaction witha polymerizable and unsaturated alkyd resin include reaction products of allyl malonate with formaldehyde or glyoxal, such compounds having the following formula respec- Another compound which may be employed is the tetraallyl ester obtained by the reaction of co om-c rr=o H:

- 1'0 ally] malonate with chlonoform in the presence of sodium allylate and which has the following formula:

COOGHr-CH=CH1 o 00 CHz-C H=oui Still another compound which may be employed is the compound having the following formula:

and it may be prepared by reacting allyl acetylene dicarboxylat-e with allyl rmalonate.-

The polymerization catalysts include the organic superoxides, aldehydic and acidic peroxides. Among the preferred catalysts there are: the acidic peroxides, e. g., benzoyl peroxide, phthalic perioxide, succinic pwoxide and benzoyl acetic peroxide; fatty oil acid peroxides, e. g., coconut oil acid peroxides, lauric peroxide, stearic peroxide and oieic peroxide; alcohol peroxides, e. g., tertiary butyl hydroperoxide usually called tertiary butyl peroxide and terpene oxides, e." g., ascaridole. Still other polymerization catalysts might be used in some instances such as soluble cobalt salts (particularly the linoleate and naphthenate) p-toluene sulfonic acid, aluminum chloride, st-annic chloride and boron trifluoride.

The term "polymerization catalyst" as used in this specification is not intended to cover oxygen contained in the resin as an impurity. While this small amount of oxygen would only catalyze the reaction to a very small extent, in order to eliminate any ambiguity the term polymerization catalyst is specifically defined as excluding any oxygen present as an impurity in the resin itself. The concentration of catalyst employed is usually small, 1. e., for the preferred catalysts,

from about 1 part catalyst per thousand parts of the reactive mixture to about 2 parts per hundred parts of the reactive mixture. If an inhibitor be present, up to 5% or even more of catalyst may be necessary according to the concentration of inhibitor. Where fillers are used which contain high concentrations of substances which act as inhibitors, e. g., wood flour, the concentration of catalyst necessary to effect polymerization may be well above 5%.

The polymerization conditions referred to are heat, light, or a combination of both. Ultra-violet light is more effective than ordinary light. The temperature of conversion depends somewhat on the boiling point of the reactive material and also on the pressures used. At atmospheric pressure, as in coating and casting operations, temperatures near or above the'boiling point are unsuitable in most instances since substantial amounts of the reactive material would be lost by evaporation before the reaction between the resin and reactive material can be completed. Accordingly, a temperature between room temperature (about 20-25 C.) and the boiling point is usually employed where polymerization of this nature is carried out. The rate of polymerization doubles for about each ten de rees (C.) rise in temperature for this reaction. A temperature is selected which will give a suitable reaction rate and yet not cause substantial volatilization. The following table shows the approximate polymerization tempera- Obviously it will be necessary to use lower tom'- peratures if large or very thick pieces are being cast because of the exothermic reaction and poor heat conductivity of the reacting mixture.

Where suitable precautions are taken to prevent evaporation of our reactive material or where pressure molding is used higher temperatures than those mentioned above could be used. Since the time of curing is desirably much shorter (in pressure molding at elevated temperatures) and since the reactive material containing the CH2=C roup would not be lost so easily. a higher temperature is preferred.

The particular reactive resin, reactive material and catalyst is selected according to the type of product desired, taking into acwunt the solubillties of the reactants as well as the character of the resulting gels. Some combinations oi. reactive resins and reactive materials result in opaque gels While others give clear products in the gel state. Obviously for many purposes the opaque gel may be used equally as well as the clear gel. The following examples (the proportions being given in parts by weight) illustrate these principles and indicate optimum control conditions, particularly in comparison with less suitable control conditions:

Example 1 Diethylene glycol maleate resin and diallyl maleate were mixed in various concentrations and treated with 0.4% of benzoyl peroxide. The followlng results were obtained after curing four days at 58 C.

12 trample 3 Similar results were obtained with diethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 32) and ethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 60) reacted with other diallyl esters:

Parts Parts m Resin a Solvent 0! Bol- {gr f Resin vent G.

Ethylene glycol 10 Diallyl succimm" 3.3 Clear gel.

maleate.

Do 10 .....do 10.0 Clear gel-- 7 blue.

Do 10 .....do 15.0 Do. Diethylene glyl0 Diallylphtbalste 3.3 Clear gel.

col maleate.

10 ..do 10.0 Do. l0 Disllylsuccinete 3.3 Do.

10 do 10.0 Do

Dially sebacate was found not to be appreciably soluble in ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol maleate resins but was soluble in long-chain glycol resins such as, for example, decamethylene alycol maleate resin.

Example 4 Ethylene glycol maleate resin (13 parts) was mixed with methallyl alcohol (7 parts) and 0.2% benzoyl peroxide. At 90 C. the mass gelled in eight to ten minutes.

Example 5 To a mixture of about 40 parts of diallyl phthalate and about 60 parts ct ethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 18). about 0.2%

Example 8 Diallyl Beam Maleate 'mmmm Temperature Total time elapsed, Minutes Mai sage Bnb, 00'

Per cent Per cent 10 00 Clear-colt. 65 I 30 70 Clear-semi-hsrd-gelled after 24 hrs. us a so Do. m m 70 30 Do. 152 90 10 Do. 104 152 143 148 y 163 148 Similar resultsare obtained substituting diallyl iumarate and diallyl phthalate.

Example 2 Ethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 50) and diallyl phthalate were mixed in various concentrations and treated with 0.4% benzoyl peroxide. The mixtures were heated at 44 C. tor twenty-four hours and then at 100 C. for three hours with the following results:

As soon as the exothermic reaction was approached the material was removed from further contact with heat for approximately iltteen minutes and then further heated. The mass was then allowed to stand at room temperature and then distilled in vacuo. Approximately 60 parts orcolorless viscous resin was obtained after the monomeric dlallyl maleate had been removed.

2 parts or the resinous diallyl maleate were dissolved in 1 part of ethyl tumarate and treated with 0.2% 0! benaoyl peroxide. In approximately ten minutes at C. a cloudy hard resin results.

The resinous diallyl maleate was mixed with equal parts of ethylene glycol maleate and treated with 0.5% of benzoyl peroxide. At 50' C. curing resulted in a hard clear resinous mass.

Other resinous substances containing a plurality of unsaturated groups such allyl cellulose, methallyl cellulose, crotyl celluose, etc. could be treated in a similar manner with reactive materials or with reactive resins.

Example 7 500 parts of phthalic anhydride, 103 parts of ethylene glycol, 225 parts of allyl alcohol, 225 parts of toluene and 3.4 parts of p-toluene sulfonic acid were heated in such a manner that the hot vapors passed through a bubble-cap fractionating column before condensing. The water was separated and the other components returned to the still. The heating was continued for approximately 16 hours. The mass was then heated in a low vacuum to remove the low boiling constituents and then in a higher vacuum (4 mm.) The bath around the flash was main-' tained at approximately 180 C. for 2.5 hours to remove volatile materials.

The residue remaining was a soft fluid viscous resin of acid number of 38.

' One part of the above resin was mixed hot with 1 part "of alpha propylene glycol maleate resin and treated with 0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide, at 120 C. rapid curing was obtained.

Example 8 Equal parts of diethylene glycol maletate resin (acid number 32) and diallyl maleatc were mixed with 0.02% cobalt naphthenate and 0.2% benzoyl peroxide. At 100 0. films of this composition on glass dried to very hard brittle coatings in ten minutes. One hour at 90 C. was required to obtain similar coatings when diallyl succinate was substituted for the diallyl maleate.

Example 9 A resin formed by the reaction of 1 mol of triethylene glycol with 1 mol of a mixture containing fumaric acid (25%) and phthalic anhydride (75%) was mixed with ethylene glycol maleate resin in various proportions. Sixty parts of these mixed resins were mixed with 40 parts of a diallyl ester, 0.05 part of cobalt naphthenate in toluol and 0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide in dioxan. The following results were obtained:

Compositions similar to those of Example 9 were made using the same proportions of diallyl maleate resin and catalyst. The following results at 90 C. were obtained with the resins indicated, the proportions being given in mol Resin Drying Time 60%,h grliethylene glycol, 12.5% Fumaric, 37.5% Minutes t a ic 50% Triethylene glycol, 25% Fumaric, 25% Phthalie 50% Triethylene glycol 40% Fumaric 50 'Iriethylene glycol, Fumaric, 25% Pmene umaric (made by reacting M mol of pinene to 1 mo of iumaric) The resin with 80% fumaric acid is not so flexible as with 50% fumaric acid.

Example 11 Sixty parts of diallyl maleate were mixed with 40 parts of diethylene glycol ph-thalic-maleic resin (50% phthalic-50% maleic). Films of this mix- 14 ture dried from the bottom but the top remained soft. The addition or linseed fatty acids to the resin, however, eliminated this tack.

For coating compositions too large a proportion of maleic acid in the resin should not be used it best adhesion and pliability is desired. To eliminate the slight amount of surface tack, the alkyd resin may be modified with a small amount of drying oil acids. Drying oils containing a number of unsaturated linkages should be used. The alkyd resin should preferably contain a certain number of oxygen bridges to get good surface drying.

Example 12 Phthalic anhydrideparts), triethylene glycol parts) and linseed oil (15 arts) were heated in an atmosphere of CO: at 180 C. for eight hours, resulting in an acid number of 31.8. To the cooled mix there was added maleic anhydride (98 parts) and ethylene glycol (70 parts) and the mixture was then heated eight hours at C. under C02. During the last fifteen minutes the gas was blown through quite vigorously to remove the volatile ingredients. After further heating at 150 C. for five hours a resin of acid number 20.3 was obtained.

This resin was dissolved in diallylmaleate in the ratio 60/40, respectively and 0.2% benzoyl peroxide and 0.05% cobalt drier were added. Films of this dried on tin at 90 C. in fifteen to twenty minutes. They were hard and resistant.

Example 13 Forty-six parts of glycerol, 49 parts of maleic anhydride, 35 parts of linseed oil acids and 69 parts of undecylenic acid were heated to C. during about three hours. Compatibility did not occur and the mass gelled. Upon the slow addition of the linseed oil acids to the hot mixture of the other ingredients compatibility was established. The resin (12 parts) resulting from this reaction was dissolved separately in diallyl maleate (8 parts) and also in toluene (8 parts) and treated with 0.5% benzoyl peroxide and 0.05% cobaltnaph-thenate and baked at 90 C. The resin-diallyl maleate mixture dried in less than an hour whereas the resin-toluene mixture required one and one half hours to dry.

Obviously, the mixture containing the reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group can be mixed with lacquer-ingredients and solvents such as cellulose derivatives. The following example illustrates such a coating composition:

Example 14 A resin was prepared by the esteriflcation of 2 mols of diethylene glycol, 1 mol of maleic anhydride, 1 mol of phthalic anhydride, 5% (of the total of the foregoing ingredients) of linseed oil acids and glycerine in an amount equivalent to the linseed fatty acids. A mixture of 60 parts of resin and 40 parts of diallyl maleate was treat- ,ed with 0.05% cobalt naphthenate.

Another solution was also made up of the following composition:

Per cent Nitrocellulose 292 Ethanol 12.5 Ethyl acetate 58.3

One part of each of the above solutions was mixed with one part of toluene and the mixture applied to tin. The film was baked for forty-five minutes at 90 C. to yield a clear, glossy, hard film.

The following examples show molding compositions and shaped or molded articles comprising my polymerizable reactive mixtures:

Example 15 To 125 parts of cellulose filler (Novacel) about 22 parts of diallyl phthalate containing about 0.1-0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide are added and the resulting composition is placed in a suitable mixer, e. 2., a Banbury mixer, and agitated until homogenized. About 45 parts of the solution containing 75% of ethylene glycol maleate and of diallyl phthalate are added and the entire mixture is ground for about minutes.

The resulting product is molded at temperatures of about 130-150" C. and at pressures up to about 3000 pounds per square inch. Small disklike moldings are produced at this temperature and pressure in about 3 minutes.

Example 16 Parts Ethylene glycol maleate resin 50 Diallyl phthalate 50 Benzoyl peroxide 0.05 t-Butyl peroxide 0.4-0.5

This composition may be ground if necessary to disperse the benzoyl peroxide thoroughly. The

mixture is molded in polished molds for about 3 'minutes at about 130 C. and at approximately 200 pounds per square inch pressure. A clear, light-colored homogeneous molding is obtained.

The pressure may be varied considerably and satisfactory moldings have been made at pressures as low as 150 pounds per square inch at about 130140 C. This composition is also suitable for injection molding and, in this instance,

the liquid composition described above is forced. into a hot mold.

Example 17 Parts Resin E -1 60 Diallyl phthalate; Benzoyl peroxide 0.5

Tensile strength (-25 C.) 2

23,000 pounds/ sq. in, 27,100 pounds/sq. in-

The difference in strength was obtained by cutting specimens parallel to and at right angles to the warp.

The modulus in bending values were:

9.6 x 10 pounds/sq. in. at 40 C. 6.1 x 10 pounds/sq. in. at -40 C. 9.6 x 10 pounds/sq. in at -25 c, 7.3 x 10 pounds/sq. in. at 25 C Here again tests were conducted parallel to and at right angles to the warp.

The above liquid composition may be applied by means of a doctor blade, by dipping, followed by squeeze rolls, by spray or by brush.

Resin E" above was prepared by heating 8 mols of diethylene glycol, 5 mols of fumaric acid and 1 mol of sebacic acid at about 200 C. until an acid number of about 50 was obtained.

Example 18 Parts Diethylene glycol fumarate 50 Diallyl phthalate 50 Lauroyl peroxide 0.6

The above composition is cast between sheets of glass. A paper spacer of approximately 30 mils is used to separate the glass sheets. The resin is forced into this space by means of a hypodermic needle. The assembly is maintained for about 1 hour at 150 C. The assembly is cooled and placed in cold water. A thin, flexible, hard sheet of resin resulted. The composition is especially transparent since 'both sides of the sheet had taken the surface from the glass.

Such sheets. of resin may be used directly or may be sealed onto other surfaces and used as a coating. When such materials are to be used as coatings, it is preferable to abrade one surface. This may be accomplished mechanically or in the manufacture thereof by the use of etched glass as one casting surface in the above assembly.

Example 19 A thin, flexible sheet may be prepared by using a formulation such as follows in the process outlined in Example 18.

Parts Resin F 50 Diallyl phthalate 50 Benzoyl peroxide 1 Resin F is prepared by heating 2 mols of sebacic acid, 1 mol of fumaric acid and three mols of ethylene glycol at about 200 C. until the acid number is about 50.

A flexible sheet is formed which is similar to that obtained in Example18.

Example 20 In order to produce compound curved laminated forms, the following procedure has been found satisfactory: Canvas or glass cloth cut to size is impregnated with the reactive mixture employed in Example 17. The layers of impregnated resin are placed in an appropriate form and a vacuum applied, suitable with a rubber bag. The assembar) is then heated for approximately 5 hours at 1 C.

Example 21 Parts Diallyl phthalate 48 Ethylene glycol maleate resin 32 Toluene 10 Ethanol 10 Benzoyl peroxide 0.6 t-Butyl peroxide 0.4

Canvas'is impregnated with the above solution and the excess, if any. is removed by passing the impregnated canvas through squeeze rolls.

The impregnated canvas is then placed in an oven at about C. until the resin has been partially converted to the infusible, insoluble stage. Thisoperation requires approximately 2-3 hours. The impregnated canvas should be molded immediately or if allowed to stand for any time,

1 7 precautions should be taken to avoid exposure to air or oxygen.

The sheets of impregnated canvas are cut, stacked and molded under heat and pressure at about 2000-3000 pounds per square inch and at temperatures around 125 C. for approximately 4 hours, thereby producinga laminated cloth plate of very high transverse strength.

Alternatively, out canvas sheets may be impregnated with the above composition without the use of the volatile solvents, alcohol'and toluene.

The solution of diallyl phthalate and alkyd resin is applied to canvas using equal weights of canvas and reactive composition. The assembled sheets are placed between platensand placed in a press. A pressure ofabout 50 pounds/sq. in. is

applied and the mass cured at 150 C. for 1.5 hours. 'A stiff cured resinous material results. Paper may be impregnated in a similar manner.

For example, a composition containing approximately 45-50 resin has a transverse strength of about l6,000-19,00 "pounds/sq.in. This laminated plate is particularly'suitableior use in production of gear wheels because of the high trans- 'verse strengthand since it may be machined easily. a

Example 22 Parts Ethylene glycol maleate resin 00 Diallyl maleate 40 Benzoyl peroxide 0.!

Cobalt napthenate 0.04

This mixture is used to impregnate canvas and the impregnated canvas is heated at about 80 ordinary atmospheric pressures. This, of course.

requiresa correspondingly longer time for the conversion to the infusibie, insoluble stage.

Ekrample 23' Parts Resin A 50 Diallyl maieate 50 Benzoyl peroxide 7 This composition is applied to paper on a tube rollin machine, the machine comprising suitable rollers for paper and a means for distributing a uniform coating of resin on the paper. After the resin-impregnated paper has been rolled, the roll is cut, stacked and partially cured (i. e.. polymerized) at about 110 C. and then molded at somewhat higher temperatures, e. g., 120-130' C. at a pressure of about 2000 pounds/sq. in. The resulting molded plate has good electrical properties and it has excellent transverse strength. If desired, cylindrical moldings can be produced by suitable modification of the apparatus and process.

Resin A" is prepared by heating at about 180 C. under an inert atmosphere 650 parts of phthalic anhydride, 420 parts of maieic-anhydride, 800 parts of triethylene glycol, 410 parts of ethylene glycol and 180 parts of linseed oil fatty acids in a suitable reaction chamber provided with a reiiux condenser which has a water trap to separate 7 I Fifty parts of diethylene glycol maieate, about with 10 parts of diethylene glycol maleate resin benzoyl peroxide are mixed together.

casting completely polymerizes at about 50 C.

18 the water formed during the esterification from the condensate. The mixture is heated for about 4-12 hours or until a relatively low acid number is obtained, e. g., about 20.

Example 24 Sixty parts of diethylene glycol fumarate and about 40 parts of triallyl phosphate are blended together and about 0.2% of benzoyl peroxide is added. Castings of the resulting polymerizable composition may be rendered substantially insoluble and substantially infusible by heating at a temperature of about -120 C. for around 1-4 hours or more.

Example 25 50 parts of triallyl phosphate and 0.2 part of A small in about 16 hours.

Example 26 Ten parts of trlallyi tricarballyiate are mixed and 0.4% benzoyl peroxide. The resulting reactive mixture is heated in the form of a. small casting at about 40-60" C. for about 24 hours and then at about C. for several hours. A hard, clear casting is obtained.

Example 27 Ten parts of diallyl sebacate are mixed with 10 parts of a resin obtained by esterifying 1 mol of diethylene glycol with about 1 moi of a mixture including fumaric acid and sebacic acid, the molal ratio of fumaric acid to sebacic acid being about 4:1. About 0.2% of benzoyl peroxide is added to the resulting mixture. Films of the polymerizable mixture may be cured by baking at about C. for from 1-4 hours or more. Clear,

flexible films which are substantially infusible and substantially insoluble are obtained.

vrscosrrx Ansus'rumrr or Rlscrrvn Mrxruas:

It is sometimes desirable to reduce the viscosity of my mixtures of reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group, as for instance, when a very viscous resin is to be used able to add a polymerization inhibitor before the heating or thinning process. Example 28 A resin made by esteriflcation at C. of 294 parts of maleic anhydride, 121 parts sebacic acid, 227 parts of ethylene glycol, 32 parts of linseed fatty acids, and 3.6 parts of p-toluene suifonic acid was mixed with diallyl maleate in the ratio of 80 parts of resin and 40 parts of diallyl maleate, 0.01% p-toluene sulfonic acid added, and the mixture heated in an oil bath at 90 C. for five hours. The viscosity decreased from 10 to 8 poises.

In casting or molding operations using a mixture of a reactive resin and reactive material conthe initial viscosity and other such factors but may be determined by observation of the rise of viscosity. The heating should continue until the viscosity begins to rise rapidly. A general rule for determining the heating time to heat the mixture until the viscosity is about two to three times the initial viscosity.

After the bodying operation is carried out, the polymerization catalyst is added to the mixture and the whole subjected to polymerization conditions. The use of liquid peroxides instead of solid peroxides is an advantage after bodying the resin mixture since it is difllcult to get the solid peroxides dissolved rapidly enough. Peroxides of the coconut oil acids, teritary butyl peroxide and ascaridole are suitable liquids.

By the use of this process the induction period is cut down from approximately /2 to /8 the time that is required when the bodying process is not used. Even greater reductions are obtained with some mixtures.

In bodying reactive mixtures containing the reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CHz=C group wherein the proportionsof reactive material are greater than about the viscosity rise is so sudden that it may be somewhat diflicult to control it. Accordingly, if it is desired to body a resin-reactive material mixture containing more than 30% of reactive material, an alternative procedure is used. By this method one first bodies a mixture containing only 30% of reactive material. Then a small portion of additional reactive material is added, for example, sufllcient to make the reactive material concentration and then this is bodied. If still more reactive material is desired, another small portion of reactive material is added and the bodying process repeated. This process is repeated until the desired concentration and viscosity is obtained.

Annrrron or Imnnnous to incorporate a small proportion of a, polymerization inhibitor in the mixtureor resin and reactive material. When it is desired to use this mixture, a small percentage of the polymerization catalyst is added suflicient to overcome the effect of the inhibitor as well as to promote the polymerization. By careful control of the concentrations of inhibitor and catalyst, a uniform product is obtainable with a. good reaction velocity. Upon subjection of this mixture to polymerization conditions such as heat, light or a combination of both, and with or without pressure, an infusible, insoluble resin is produced which has many more desirable characteristics than the resins produced by the polymerization of mixtures not containing the polymerization inhibitor such as, for instance. the lack of fractures. I

Suitable polymerization inhibitors for this reaction are phenolic compounds especially the polyhydric phenols and aromatic amines. Speciflc examples of this group of inhibitors are hy-,

droquinone, benzaldehyde, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, resorcinol, tannin, sym. di, beta naphthyl-p-phenylene diamine and phenolic resins. Sulfur compounds are also suitable.

The concentration of inhibitor is preferably lowand I have found that less than about 1% is usually sufficient. However, with the preferred inhibitors, I prefer to use only about 0.01% to about 0.1%.

The inhibitor may be incorporated in the reactive resin-reactive material combination (either before or after bodying) or it may be added to the original reactive resin before or during the esteriflcation of the said reactive resin. By adding the inhibitor before the esterification it is sometimes possible to use an inhibitor which would otherwise be substantially insoluble in the reactive resin reactive material composition. By adding the inhibitor to the unesterifled mixture the inhibitor may become bound into the resin upon subsequent esteriflcation.

Example 29 Resins were made up of the following compositions by esterification for the same length of Resin No. 2 was slightly yellower but had lower viscosity than resin No.1.

These resins were mixed with equal parts of diallyl maleate. The viscosity of the diallyl maleate solutions of resin No. i and resin No. 2 was 4.0 poises and 3.0 poises, respectively. Each of these solutions gelled when treated with 0.2% benzoyl peroxide and subjected to heat, even though resin 'No. 2 contained a polymerization inhibitor while resin'No. 1 did not contain an inhibitor.

Use or Momnnn Aurrn Rzsms Example 30 Fifty-five parts of a diethylene glycol fumarate modified with benzyl alcohol (resin F) are dissolved in about 45 parts of diallyl phthalate with 0.5 part of benzoyl peroxide. The resulting solution is applied to glass cloth which is stacked to form a laminate and then cured between glass or Cellophane cover sheets at about C. for

approximately 1 hour.' After further'heating for about 1 hour at C. a stifl laminate is obtained which is. somewhat harder and stiffer than obtained before heating at 150 C.

Example 31 ing composition is applied to a rather coarse weave of glass cloth (sold under the trade name of "Fiberglas ECG-11462). The impregnated cloth is cut and stacked to form an assembly which is cured by heating in air for about Zhours at 100 C. The surface is tack-free and during the heating the resin pulls itself down between the fibers on the surface leaving a rough uniform exterior which could be used as an excellent base [or oil painting since the rough surface readily pulls paint from a brush. Using a fabric of linen weave, the surface of the laminate could be made I smooth.

Example 32 resin and diallyl phthalate has a, viscosity of about G-H (Gardener-Holt). To 100 parts of either of these solutions the following is added:

Part Cobalt naphthenate 0.004 Manganese naphthenate 0.002 Benzoyl peroxide 0.15

Films of the resulting solution dry tack-free in about 1 hour at around 125 C. to yield hard coatings.

Example 33 Diallyl phthalate is dissolved in an equal weight of xylene together with about 1% of benzoyl peroxide. The solution is heated for about 7 hours at a temperature of 140 C..after whichthe partially polymerized diallyl phthalate is precipitated with cold methanol and extracted by means of hot methanol and dried to yield a powdered polymer.

Thirteen parts of the paritally polymerized diallyl phthalate prepared as ,described above is mixed with '1 parts of a resinous reaction product of fumaric acid, ethylene glycol and hydroxydecanoic acid (resin "1") and with 0.2 part of benzoyl peroxide. The resulting mixture is placed in a mold and heated for about 20 minutes at a pressure of 50 pounds/sq. in. and 140 C. A wellknit molding was obtained even under this low pressure.

Example 34 I Equal parts of diallyl phthalate and a resin obtained by the reaction of fumaric acid, diethylene glycol and linseed oil fatty acid monoglycerides are mixed together to form a composition having a viscosity of U--V (Gardener-Holt). Upon the addition of manganese and cobalt naphthenates and benzoyl peroxide as shown in Example 32 above, a hard mar-resistant film of good adhesion to metal is obtained by baking films of the solution for about 1 hour at about 125 C.

In place of part or all of the diallyl phthalate employed in Examples 30-34, I may substitute any of the other allyl esters previously mentioned herein, and. I may substitute equivalent molal proportions of these esters or I may vary the proportions thereof in accordance with the principles set forth in this specification.

Rasc'rrvz Rasms AND THEIR Paarsas'non Reactive resins suitable for polymerization with reactive materials containing the CH2=C group in accordance with the teachings of my invention are those which contain a plurality of alpha. beta enal groups. The simplest members of this group are those produced by the esteriilcation of an'alpha. beta-unsaturated organic acid with a polyhydrlc alcohol. 1

The preferred polyhydrlc alcohols are those which contain only primary hydroxy] groups since the presence of secondary hydroxyl groups may make it difllcult to obtain rapid esteriflcation. The glycols are generally preferable. If colorless resins be desired or if optimum electrical properties be desired, it is preferable to use glycols which do not have any oxygen bridges in their structure since the presence of oxygen linkages may lead to the formation of color bodies during the preparation of the resin. By the use of glycols which do not contain the oxygen bridges clear, colorless resins may be produced. On the other hand, oxygen bridges may be desirable if the resin is to be used in coating as they cause films to dry faster.

The particular choice of glycol or other polyhydric alcohol used in preparing the resin is governed mainly by the physical properties desired of the intermediate and final polymerization products, especially hardness, impact resistance,

distensibility, refractive index, adhesion, compatibility relationships, etc., including also solvent. water, alkali, acid or chemical resistance in general. I

The alpha, beta unsaturated organic acids which I prefer to usein preparing the reactive resins include maieic, fumaric, itaconic and citraconic, although other similar acids could be substituted such as mesaconic acid, aconitic acid and halogenated maleic acids, such as chlormaleio acid, and any of the foregoing could be substituted in part with acrylic, beta benzoyl acrylic methacrylic, M-cyclohexene carboxylic, cinnamic,

and crotonic acids. Obviously, various mixtures of these acids can be used where expedient.

monohydric alcohols, monobasic acids or dibasic acids, e. g.. phthalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid. adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid. etc., which do not contain groups polymerizably reactive with respect to organic substances containing CH2=C groups. These modifying agents are usually used as diluents or plasticizers, chemically combined in the resin. The use of a small proportion of the saturated dibasic acids generally improves the mechanical properties of the resins after copolymerization with the material containing the CH-.-:C group.

The reactive resins may be prepared from polyhydrlc alcohols other than the glycols or from mixtures including a glycol and a higher polyhydric alcohol. Examples of these are glycerol. pentaerythritol. etc. Polyhydric alcohols containing more than two hydroxy groups react very readily with the alpha; beta unsaturated organic acids. Consequently, it may be preferable to use some monohydric alcohol in conjunction with the alcohols which contain more than two hydroxyl groups or else some monobasic acid maybeused.

It is also possible to introduce initially into the resin structure a certain number of groupings of the type CH2=C through the use of unsaturated alkyl compounds, One way of accomplish- 23' group. Examples of such alcohols are ally] alcohol and methallyl alcohol.

While the reactive resins may be modified in the same general manner as other alkyd resins, it is preferable to have at least olyhydric alcohol in the reactive mixture and at least polybasic acid in said reactive mixture. If a monohydric alcohol or a di-basic acid which'does not contain polymerizably active groups with respect to organic substances containing the CH==C groups be used, the proportion of such substance will depend on the properties required of the polymerized reactive material-reactive resin mixture. By the use of a relatively large proportion of a polymerizably active dibasic acid, e. g., maleic, in the reactive resin, 9. hard, tough polymer is produced upon subsequent reaction of said reactive resin with a reactive material containing the CH2=C group. On the other hand. if the reactive resin is obtained from a relatively small proportion of polymerizably active dibasic acid and a relatively large proportion of acids which do not contain groups polymerizably active with respect to organic substances containing CH2=C groups, a softer and more rubbery resin results upon polymerization with a reactive material containing the C Hz=C roup. The same effect is produced by the introduction of other inactive ingredients. By varying the ingredients and the proportions of the ingredients, resins may be obtained having properties desirable for almost any particular use.

The unsaturated alkyd resins employed in accordance with my invention are preferably those having an acid number not greater than 50, al-

groups of the alcohols. In this connection it is to be noted that the hydroxyl groups of modifying alcohols as well as the carboxyl groups of modifying acids should be included with the hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups of the principal reactants, the polyhydric alcohol and the alpha, beta unsaturated polycarboxylic acid, respectivcly.

When glycols are reacted with dicarboxylic acids it is preferable that the glycol be present in a molal ratio to the acid of not less than 1:2 and that the molal ratio of monohydric alcohol to dicarboxylic acid be notgreater than 1:1. In most cases it has been found that a molal ratio of monohydric alcohol to dicarboxylic acid of 1 :6 produces the best results (5.5 mols of glycol being employed in this case). The same general rules apply when other polyhydric alcohols than glycols such as pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol or polyallyl alcohols are used or when other polycarboxylic acids having more than two carboxylic groups are used. In other words, the ratio of the monohydric alcohol to the polycarboxylic acid should preferably be not greater than 1:1 although higher ratios of monohydric alcohol may be employed if desired. However, for optimum results the ratio monohydric alcohol to polycarboxylic acid should not exceed 1 mol of monohydric alcohol for each carboxyl group of the polycarboxylic acid in excess of 1. Thus, for example, a. resin-may be prepared by-the reac- 24 tion of 1 mol of dipentaerythritol with 5 mols of fumaric acid and 4 mols of monohydric alcohol.

If it be desirable to introduce lower alkyl groups into the resin, this may be done by using maleic esters of monohydric alcohols, e. g. ethyl maleate. The alkyl ester will then be united with the resin by polymerization. This could not be accomplished with the saturated type of alkyd, e. g. phthalic acid esters of pclyhydric alcohols.

Resins which contain a plurality of alpha, beta enal groups are sensitive to light, heat and polymerizing catalysts. Since oxygen tends to cause these resins to polymerize, it is desirable that the resins should be made in the absence of this substance, especially when colorless resins are required. The exclusion of oxygen and polymer: izing catalysts is desirable during the preparation of the resin and the presence of dissolved oxygen in the original reactants is also preferably avoided. Moreover, dust and extraneous particles that reagents may pick up usually should be removed, especially if colorless resins are desired. One manner in which the dissolved gases and other extraneous impurities may be removed is through the distillation of the ingredients into the reaction chamber in the absence of air.

In order to keep oxygen from contact with the reactants an inert gas such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen may be introduced into the reaction chamber. This may be done either by merely passing the gas over the surface or by bubbling the gas through the liquid reactants. In the latter instance it may be made to perform the added function of agitating the mixture, thus eliminating the necessity for mechanical agitation. The inert gas will also carry away at least part of the water formed and toward the end of the reaction it can be used to carry away the reactants still remaining unreacted. Upon separation of the water vapor the used carbon dioxide or other inert gas would be particularly suitable for making high grade colorless resins since any residual reactive impurities such as oxygen would have been removed in its passage through the first batch of resin reactants.

.The effect of light is not so important if the reactants are purified and the reaction carried on in an inert atmosphere, 'as outlined above. However, as an added precaution the esteriflcation may be conducted in the dark. It is also advisable to avoid local overheating and discoloration is minimized if the reaction is conducted below a temperature of about 200 C. To avoid overheating it is advisable to raise the temperature slowly at the beginning, especially if an anhydride be used since the reaction between an anhydride and an alcohol is exothermic.

The preparation of the reactive resins is i1- lustrated in the following examples, the reactants being given in parts by weight.

PREPARATION or Rrsm "A Ninety-eight parts of freshly distilled maleic anhydride were reacted with about 10% in excess of equimolecular proportions of freshly distilled ethylene glycol (68 parts) at about C. An excess of ethylene glycol is preferred because of its high volatility. The mixture is continuously agitated and carbon dioxide is introduced into the reaction chamber during the reaction thereby blanketing the surface of the reactants. After eight to twelve hours a clear 25 water-white resin is produced with an' acid ber of 35-50.

PREPARATION OI RIBIN :B"

PREPARATION OF RESIN "C" 1200 parts of maleic anhydride were mixed with 1023 parts of alpha propylene glycol (equivalent to one mol of each plus approximately of the glycol). This mixture was heated with agitation in an inert atmosphere at 150-165? C. After about four hours the resin turned opaque on cooling. After about eleven hours heating, a resin is obtained which is somewhat brittle at room temperature and the acid number is between 35-50.

PasrAnA'non or Rrsm -F num- Parts Diethylene glycol 530 Fumarlc acid 638 Benzyl alcohol 162 These substances are heated together at a temperature of 180 C, for about 7 hours during which time a small amount of benzyl alcohol distills over with the water of esterification. The benzyl alcohol water thus obtained may be fractionated and the benzyl alcohol recovered for use in subsequent resin preparations. The resin has an acid number of 49.

PREPARATION or Rlsm "G" 1 Parts Fumaric acid (5.5 mols) 638 Diethylene glycol (5 mols) 530 Tetrahydroabietyl alcohol (l mol) 292 Fumaric acid and diethylene glycol are charged into a resin kettle together with 146 parts of alcohol. The resulting mixture is heated for about 4 hours at 180". 0.. after which the remainder of the alcohol is added and the reacting mixture is heated to about 200 C., and maintained at that point for about 1.5 hours. During the reaction about 1'15 parts of water are freed and are distilled oif and the resin obtained has an acid number of about 49. r i

PREPARATION or Rrsm "H" Parts Diethylene glycol 106 Fumaric acid 116 Tetrahydroabietyl alcohol 73 Linseed oil fatty acids '70 These substances are heated about 180 0., for about 8 hours under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide to obtain a resin having an acid number of about 42.

PREPARATION or Beam 1" Parts Fumaric acid 580 Ethylene glycol 310 Omega-hydroxydecanoic acid 188 These'substances are heated to about 180 C.,,

for 3 hours then temperature is raised to about 190-200 C. for a period of 5 hours until the reaction mixture has an acid number of about 50.

Upon cooling to room temperature and allowing the resin to stand it slowly crystallizes and this could be made more rapid by the addition of a small portion of an aromatic hydrocarbon.

PREPARATION or Rssm "J" Parts Fumaric acid Diethylene glycol 132.5 Linseed oil fatty acid monoglycerides 89 These substances are heated under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide for about 9 hours at C. during which time about 44 parts of water distill and whereby a resin having an acid number of about 64 is obtained.

The resins prepared in the manner illustrated above are merely exemplary of the reactive resins which I contemplate using for reaction with a material containing. the CH2=C group in the practice of my invention. Other resihs of the same type may be prepared in a similar manner.

Among these resins the following may be employed in placeof part or all of those mentioned above: ethylene glycol fumarate, diethylene glycol f umarate, alpha propylene glycol maleate, polyethylene glycol maleates, (e. g., hexaethylene glycol maleate), polymethylene glycol maleates (e. g., decamethylene glycol maleate) octadecatidiol fumarate, the maleic esters of: 2,2-dimethyi propanediol-1,3, glycerol maleate undecylenate, triethylene glycol chlormaleate, triethyiene gly-, col terpene maleate (derived from the interaction of mol of terpene and 1 mol of maleic in the presence of an excess of terpene).

Many different modified alkyd resins may be employed inthe same manner as the other resins mentioned herein. Such modified resins include all of those previously mentioned and generically described modified with a monohydric alcohol or with a monocarboxylic acid or with both a monohydric alcohol and a monocarboxylic acid. Among the alcohols which may be used are n-butanol, 1,2 and 1,3-dichloropropanols CH2Cl-CHOHCH2C1) the amyl alcohols, cyclohexanol, n-hexanol. 2-methyl hexanol, n-octanol, decanol, dodecanol, tetradecanol, cetyl alcohol, octadecanol. reduced geraniol, reduced fatty oils such as coconut oil, palm oil, etc., benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, furfuryl'alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. and various ether alcohols such as CH2C1CH0H-CH20phenyl,

and those sold under the trade names of .Cellosolve and "Carbitol, such as butyl Cellosolve" (the monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol), butyl Carbitol (the monobutyl ether of diethylene gly- I col), etc. Furthermore, various monohydric alcohols may be reacted with glycidol and the reaction products thereof employed as a glycol in the preparation of the unsaturated alkyd resins.

' 0f the cycloaliphatic alcohols. those derived by regr compounds.

.may be em loyed, including lactic acid alpha- Thus ror example, the hydroxy acids" 1 on amen.

QAQSQMK v 28 ingredients including th ethylene dichloride. I

may be used are, for example, ethylene -cyanohy-- drln. Still other alcohols which may be employed are terpineol, fenchyl alcohol, the unsaturated alcohols, including allyl alcohol, methallyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, linoeyl alcohol. -1 have found that copolymers of alkyd resins modified with monohydric alcohol give especially high tempera ture resistance when employed as a bond to laminate glass cloth or when glass fibers are used as a filler in castings or moldings.

' Similar results were obtained using thymol sulfonic acid and approximately the same proportions except that only about 148 parts of ethylene dichloride were used. A resin of acid number 11.3 was obtained.

Monocarboxylic acids which are saturated may be employed as modifiers for the unsaturated It is preferable that primary'alcohols be used as modifiers for the unsaturated alkyd resins and it is also preferable that alcohols have boiling points above about 200 C. If low boiling alcohols. e. g., tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, be used it is preferable that the resin be prepared azeotropically as described below.

PREPARATION or Rnscrrvn Rnsm Azlo'rsorrcALLY Since the viscosity of the resin frequently becomes quite high if the esterliication is carried to a low acid number, it may be desirable to produce the resin under azeotroplc conditions. Accordingly, the esteriflcation is conducted in an organic solvent which dissolves the reactants as well as the resultant resin and which is preferably substantially insoluble in water. Examples of these are: benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, propylene dichloride, ethylene and propylene trichlorides, butylene dichloride and trichloride and also higher boiling solvents such as cresol and methyl cyclohexanone although some of these may tend to darken the resin. The mixture is refluxed in such a manner as to separate the water formed by the esteriflcation. Much lower temperatures are used than are used under the conditions outlined in Examples 17-19. Suitable temperatures range between 90-145 0., for example, for the lower boiling members of the group of solvents set forth above. Obviously, this will vary with diflerent solvents and with diii'erent PREPARATION 0! BEGIN "D" Ninety-eight parts of maleic anhydride (vacuum distilled), 106 parts of diethylene glycol (vacuum distilled), about 175 parts ethylene dichloride and about 3 parts d-camphor sulionic acid were mixed in a reaction chamber, The heating was conducted in an oil bath maintained at 130-145 C. for nine hours. The distillation temperature began at about 90 C. but gradually rose during the heating. The apparatus was so arranged that the water would be separated from the reflux. A light yellow resin with an acid number of about.19.8 was produced after driving monocarboxylic acids heretofore mentioned. such acids include, acetic acid, caproic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid. etc. Any of the monocarboxylic acids which are available in the form of the anhydride may be used as the anhydride instead of as'the acid.

when a resin is treated with a reactive material containing the CHa=C group. the material may or may not dissolve the resin, depending on the chemical nature of both the material and the resin. If the resin be incompatible with this reactive material, chemical interaction of the type described can not occur in that compatibility has not been'established. Under these conditions another solvent may then be introduced as an additional constituent. If the solvent is inert. it plays no part in the reaction but is 50' selected that both the reactive material and the resin are soluble yielding a homogeneous system of reactive material. inert solvents and resin. This invention relates to compatible combinations 01' a reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CHz=C. group. Such combinations may be obtained by the use of inert blending solvents where necessary although the use of only reactive materials containing the CH1=C group which act as solvents is preferred.

The term fcompatible" and homogeneous" as used in the specification and claims are intended to indicate a system, the constituents of which are uniformly distributed throughout the whole mass, and when applied to solutions, to indicate that these may be either true solutions or colloidal solutions as long as they are substantially stable.

When a reactiveresin and a reactive material containing the CH2==C group undergo chemical reaction, certain possibilities arise. The reactive resin and reactive material may combine in such a manner as to lead to the formation of a resinous colloidal entity and the end-product is clear, glass-like and homogeneous. Alternatively, the reactive resin and the reactive material may interact in such a manner as to yield colloidal entities wherein varying degrees of opacity or colloidal; colors result. The end-product under these conditions may be partially translucent or opaque.

The final resin composition is obtained by dissolving a resin'containing the alpha, beta enal (mt-Jab) groups in a reactive material containing the group C=CH2. The chemical reaction which is believed to take place is that the reactive material combines with the resin at the points of unsaturatlon yielding a less unsaturated system which is essentially insoluble and infusibie. Ordinarily when a resin is dissolved in a solvent. the changes which occur are physical in nature. The resin may be isolated from the solvent mixture chemically unchanged. In the present invention. however, the combination oi the reactive material containing the CH2==C group which acts as the solvent and reactive resin becomes an inseparable entity, the original ingredients not being removed by the solvents for the original ingredients.

Through the use of a small amount of reactive alkyd resin dissolved in a large amount of reacwill tend. to imbibe a certain quantityof inertsolvent, but it does not possess the solubility of the reactive material when resiniiled alone. This property is a distinct advantage in that the physical contour of an object made of the polymerized resin is not lost through solution.

" Comparison of the softening point of the reactive material containing the CH==C group alone and of the softening point of the composite resin formed through interaction of the resin and reactive material shows that the softening point of the latter has been raised. The softening point may be increased very markedly depending upon the ratio of resin used in the composition.

In general the softening point of resins has a distinct bearing on their behavior at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures.

Where the softening point is too low, difiloulty is encountered in that articles made from the rain slowly lose their shape. In large articles, the effect becomes very noticeable. A softening point when too high, on the other hand, results in a composition which will not soften sufilciently in a mold. Roughly, three types of compositions exist. with respect to the ratio of resin to reactive material containing the CH2:C group. First, a large amount of reactive material and a small amount of resin; second, substantial quantities of both ingredients; third, a large amount of resin and a small amount of reactive material. The second composition when fully cured possesses no softening point. The first and third varieties of composition when cured may, under high temperatures and pressure, be made to fiow slightly.

The composition obtained from substantial quantities of both reactive material containing the CH==C group and reactive resin in the cured state may be machined, turned on a lathe, sanded and polished and used in general as a turnery composition. The absence of softening lowered to 1000 pounds.

renders the material particularly adaptable to this purpose. In that it is unflowable, it may be machined without danger of softening and gumming tools. Moreover, such a composition may,

if desired, be obtained in large blocks.

My resins may be utilized in: moldings, with or without filler; laminated materials as the bonding agent; adhesives; coating compositions for use in finishes for wood, metals or plastics, or in the treatment of fibrous materials such as paper. cloth or leather; as impregnating agents for fibrous materials; as assistants in dyeing, etc.

, In order to use the composition for moldings, it may be necessary to prevent the composition from curing too fast. During the change from a liquid to a hard resin, varying stages of hardness exist and by interrupting the reaction at a 'definite point, the material may then be placed 30 pattern, and then subsequently cured in the shaped form by heat alone.

One manner in which this may be accomplished is to polymerize the reactive resin and reactive material containing the CHz=C group without catalysts until the material is no longer fluid but stillv not completely cured. By grinding this partially polymerized material a molding composition is obtained which can then be shaped under heat andpressure.

Example 35 A mixture of about 40 parts by weight of diallyl phthalate and about parts by weight of ethylene glycol maleate resin (acid number 18) was mixed with 0.2% benzoyl peroxide. This would -ordinarily gel in five to six minutes at C. The

mixture was prewarmed for two minutes at 90 C. and poured into the mold, the pressure raised to 2000 pounds for about two minutes and then The mold was opened after eight minutes to yield a clear hard disk.

Example 36 A mixture of equal parts by weight of butylene glycol i'uinarate (prepared by heating molar quantities of butylene glycol and fumaric acid at about l 75 C. until the resin has an acid number of about 50) and diallyl phthalate is treated with 0.5% of benzoyl peroxide and poured into a mold, the sides of which are two sheets of plate glass spaced V5 inch apart. The assembly is heated for about hour at C. Under these conditions a flexible sheet is formed.

The sheet may be distorted and bent into various forms. By further curing in the bent form the resin hardens and assumes the form imposed.

One procedure is as follows: A mandrel was lightly covered with glycerol, the flexible sheet is bent over the mandrel and the resin is covered with glycerol. A thin sheet of metal is then superimposed on the assembly and secured mechanically. The entire mass is heated in an oven for 1 hour at C. A hardened shaped mass results.

The glycerol is used to maintain the original clear surface. It is particularly useful where one surface is glass since the cured resin may adhere very tenaciously to glass.

- All types of simple curves are readily fashioned. Compound curves are more difiicult to produce since the resin in the semi-cured stage may be distensible to only a limited extent.

To produce moldings or laminated materials combinations of reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group may be mixed with one or more of the various fillers, e. g., wood flour, wood 'flber, paper dust, clay, diatomaceous earths, zein,-glass wool, mica, granite dust. silk flock, cotton flock, steel wool, silicon carbide, paper, cloth of any fiber including glass, sand, silica flour, white, black or colored pigments, etc. Such mixtures may be partially polymerized, groundand molded. On the other hand, the liquid composition may be bodied and introduced directly into a mold and polymerization from a viscous liquid to a solid resin conducted in one step.

In that the composition of reactive resin and reactive material is initially quite limpid, it may be used for impregnating various porous objects or employed as a coating composition.

If the polymerizable compositions are to be molded under low pressure (e. g., 0-50 pounds/sq.

this instance, however, the reaction becomes quite exothermic but this may be conveniently controlled by the addition of a suitable polymer;

ization inhibitor.

The ratio of reactive material containing the CH2=C group to reactive resin in the final'com-j position will not only have a bearing on the soltening point and on methods of working the resin,

but on various other physical properties, e. g., light transmission, scratch resistance, indenta- [with the reactive resin mixed with the reactive tion hardness and are resistance. By a judicious temperature they can be converted into hard L masses. The wide-divergence of the prcpemies of such compositions enables them to be used in a varlety oi difierent 'ways. In the liquid form they may be used as an adhesive, impregnating agent, orfasa surface coating. In that the hardeningdoes not depend upon evaporation,

selection of the ratio of reactive material to reactive resin a composition best suited to those varying needs of industry. may be fabricated.

The methods by which the reactive material containing the CH2'=C group may be made to combine are various. Heat, light or catalysts maybe used or combinations of these, or a. com.- bination of heat and pressure. 3 Any suitable method of heating may be used including the application of high frequency electric fields to induce heat in the reactive mixture to polymerize poorly through the mass, not only external heat but the heat that is generated .during chemical reaction. Cognizance has to be taken of these features in the hardening of the composition, particularly in the casting or molding of large blocks.

Light, when used alone, causes a relatively long induction period and during the transformation of the sol to the gel requires cooling to overcome the exothermic reactions especially when a powerful source of light is used for final curing. Using heat alone, gelation occurs readily enough at appropriate temperatures but since the gel, -when formed, has poor heat conductivity, fracturing may occur in the last stage. Through the use of heat and catalyst, the reaction may become very violent unless the heating is carefully controlled.

Various combinations of these three factors may be used to bring about hardening of the mass. Mild heating of the reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH2=C group with or without inhibitors brings about a very gradual increase in viscosity which may be controlled quite easily and readily. When the solution has taken on an appropriate consistency, then accelerators may be introduced and heating conducted ata very much lower temperature. Mild heating may first be used and the mass then exposed to light. Use of superoxides and light is very eiiective. In other words, through the use of initial heating or bodying, the induction time maybe decreased markedly.

While I have specifically described the reaction of mixtures 01' a reactive resin and a reactive material containing the CH2=C group acts as the solvent and combining in situ to form the liquid may be applied tothe surfaces desired material containing the CH==C group, which a homogeneous adhesive. Such an adhesive can be ,used for bringing diverse substances together.

wood, metal, glass, rubber, or other resinous compositions such as phenolic or urea condensation products. As a surface composition in the liquid form, softening agents, cellulose others or esters could be added as well as natural or artificial resins, and the hardening brought about through catalysts such as cobalt salts, oxygen liberating substances or hardening could be accomplished with light. Since these compositions dry from the bottom rather than from the top. the latter frequently remains tacky for a relatively lengthy period. In order to overcome this, drying oil fatty acids, e. g., linseed oil fatty acids are added to the esteriflcation mixture in making the original reactive resin and this will cause the top surface to dry quickly upon subsequent polymerization with a reactive material containing the CH2=C group. In this way a coating composition is obtained which dries both from top and bottom.-

The liquid resinous composition, moreover, may be cast or molded and after hardening may be isolated as a finished product, or could be cut, turned and polished into the desired finished product. Provided the surface of the mold is highly polished, th'e resinous substance would acquire a clear, smooth finish from the mold. The compositions so obtained being insoluble are not easily attacked by solvents and being infusible may be worked with ordinary wood-working or metal tools. The artificial mass can be cut, turned on a lathe, polished and sanded without superficial softening and streaking.

Obviously, natural resins or other synthetic resins may be admixed with the resins of this invention in order to obtain products suitable for particular purposes. Examples of these are shellac, cellulose esters and ethers, urea resins, phenolic resins, alkyd resins, ester gum, etc. The resins of my invention may also be mixed with rubber or synthetic rubber-like products if desired,

In that many of these resins are originallytransparent and free of color, they may be colored with suitable dyes to a wide variety of transparent soft pastel shades. An example of a suitable dye is Sudan IV. Darker shades may be obtained, if desired, e. g. with nigrosine.

It may be desirable in some instances to form a copolymer of one or more substances containing the group CH2=C and at least one polymerlzable unsaturated alkyd resin and, after molding or casting this into any desired shape, to apply a coating of a harder copolymer to the outside, thus obtaining the same effect as is obtained in the metallurgical fields by case hardening. Similarly,

. inserts may be filled with a hard resin in order to act as bearing. surfaces or for some other purpose. Such coatings or inserts adhere tenaciously and appear to become integral with the original piece. In order to secure the best results in manufacturing such products, it is desirable to firstabrade the surface of the article before the application of the harder film. During the curing operation, the abrasion marks disappear. This treatment is also of considerable importance since it may also be used to refinish articles which might have been marred in use.

Many of the advantageous properties of the resin resulting from the polymerization of mixtures containing reactive materials containing the CH2=C group and reactive resins are apparmany months whereas, the composition of a reactive resin and reactive materials containing the CH2=C group require only afew days, at the most.

Another important advantage is the fact that the reactive material containing the CH2=C group which acts as the solvent combines with the resin leaving no residual solvent and giving no problems as to solvent removal.

One of the outstanding advantages of these resins is quick curing time which renders them available for injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion molding.

Castings which are polymers of such substances as methyl methacrylate, for example, frequently contain bubbles which are formed in the lower part of the casting. Inasmuch as the present in! vention is directed to systems wherein the polymerization proceeds from the bottom to the top, no bubbles are trapped in the casting.

Similar advantages are present in coating operations such as the lack of shrinkage of the film due to loss of solvent because of the combination between the reactive resin and the reactive material containing the CI-I=C group which acts as the solvent. Furthermore, the lcomposition dries from the bottom, there are no bubbles from the solvent and there is no water driven oil. A clear bubble-free, impervious coating is, therefore, more readily obtainable with the combinations of a reactive resin and reactive material containing the CH3=C group than with other coating compositions. Since there is no solvent to be removed and since air is not needed to dry the compositions, relatively thick layers may be applied in one operation.

This application is-a continuation-in-part of my co'pending applications Serial Numbers 248,536, filed December'30, 1938, now abandoned, 349,240 filed August 1, 1940, now abandoned, 494,348, filed July 12, 1943. 494,349, filed July 12, 1943, 495,212, filed July 17, 1943, now Patent No. 2,409,633, October 22, 1946, and 540,142, filed Ju y I3, 1944.

Obviously many otherreactants and modifications may be used in the processes outlined in this specification without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

I claim:

1. As a new product, a resinous interpolymer obtained by interpolymerization 01 a plurality of copolymerizable materials consisting of a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin and a polymerizable polyallyl ester of an alpha unsaturated alpha, beta polycarboxyiic acid compatible with the said alkyd resin.

2. A resinous composition consisting of an interpolymer of diallyl maleate and an unsaturated alkyd resin;

.3. A product produced by interpolymerizing a mixture'including a polymerizable, unsaturated alkyd resin and a compatible polymerizable polyester of a monohydric alcohol and an alpha, betaunsaturated polycarboxylic acid.

4. A polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin, (2) a polymerizable polyester compatible with the resin of 1) and obtained by esterification of an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid with an allyl alcohol, and (3) a catalyst for accelerating the copolymerization of the materials of (1) and (2).

5. vA composition comprising the product of polymerization of a mixture of copolymerizable,

compatible materials including (1) an unsaturated alkyd resin obtained by reaction of ingredients comprising a dihydric alcohol and an alpha unsaturated alpha beta dicarboxylic acid and (2) a polyallyl ester of an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid.

6. A composition comprising the product of polymerization of a mixture of copolymerizable, compatible materials including (1) a maleic ester -of a polyhydric alcohol and (2) a polyallyl ester of an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid.

7. A composition comprising the product of polymerization of a mixture of copolymerizable, compatible materials including (1) a fumaric ester of a polyhydric alcohol and (2). a polyallyl ester of an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid.

8. A composition comprising the product of polymerization of a polymerizable mixture containing diallyl maleate and diethylene glycol maleate.

9. A method of producing new synthetic compositions which comprises (1) preparing a polymerizable composition comprising (a) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin and (b) a polymerizable polyester compatible with the resin of (a) and obtained by esterlfication of an alpha unsaturated alpha beta polycarboxylic acid with an allyl alcohol, and (c) a catalyst for accelerating the copolymerization of the materials of (a) and (b), and (2) polymerizing the said polymerizable composition.

10. A method of producing an insoluble and infusible resinous composition which comprises forming a mixture of diethylene glycol maleate, diallyl maleate and a small amount of an organic peroxide as a. polymerization catalyst, and heating the said mixture until an insoluble, infusible resin results.

11. A polymerizable composition comprising a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin and a compatible polymerizable polyallyl ester of a polycarboxylic acid. I

12. A polymerizable composition comprising (1) a polymerizable unsaturated alkyd resin obtained by reacting ingredients including a dihydric alcohol and an alpha, beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and (2) a compatible, polymerizable allyl alcohol polyester of an alpha, beta-unsaturated polycarboxylic acid.

13. A polymerizable composition comprising a 36 polymerlzable unsaturated alkyd resin and a com- I patible, polymerizable ally! ester of a carboxylic UNITED STATES PATENTS p acid which contains no conjugated carbon-tocarbon double bonds. Number Name Date EDWARD L. KROPA. 5 005. Dykstra June 18,1935 2,195,382 Ellis Mar. 26, 1940 REFERENCES CITED 2,255,313 Ellis Sept. 9, 1941 The following references are of record in the V file of this patent: 

